Nursing Response To Alcoholism, Neonates Children free essay sample

Nature of alcoholism effects of impaired mothers on offspring from nursing perspective. Typical dependent behavior, psychological social aspects, physical mental damage, ethnic issues, proposed nursing response. Abstract. Problems for neonates and children arising from the use and misuse of alcohol by adults were examined. For the progeny of pregnant women, problems begin with gestational exposure to alcohol, regardless of the fact that the mother may not be abusing the substance. Heavy use of alcohol by a pregnant woman, however, exacerbates the problem for the child once born. Alcohol abuse by adults in households with children also affects adversely the lives of those children. The prevalence of drinking is highest for both females and in the 21-34 age range, which is the

voucher system essays

voucher system essays The voucher system, first introduced by Milton Friedman in 1960, is an example of capitalistic idealism: the state has a responsibility to provide solid education, it philosophizes, but not to monopolize the institution. The system suggests an end to public schooling with no deduction in tax dollars for educational purposes; instead, the cost of an average students education will be calculated and a voucher redeemable for private schooling in that amount provided for the parents of school age children. This system, however justifiable to some, would be a counterproductive amendment to one of Americas oldest and most prided institutions: an amendment that would serve only to enable mulit based segregation and would disable our children to be effective citizens. If the voucher system passed legislation, all current public schools would presumably break into smaller private schools or would privatize as they are. These smaller schools would specialize in subject/career areas, such as architectural schools, chemistry schools, accounting schools, etc. While all traditional academic classes would be covered, the classes would present them with a focus on how they relate to the subject of the school. Many people in favor of the voucher system argue that in this way, students and parents are more determinant of their own curriculum, and with more power over individual education, student motivation for success in school would skyrocket. However, this is not necessarily the case. A good public school offers a variety of classes that pertain to individual interests, offering plenty of options to students. Motivational success is achieved through a supportive network of parents, teachers and friends not through selective, unsupportive schoolin g. Accepting the voucher system would be to accept school and job segregation. Because private sc ...

Power and Knowledge In Edward Said's Orientalism Essay

Power and Knowledge In Edward Said's Orientalism - Essay Example Basically, E. Said proposed to view the western policy towards the East as colonial, imperial discourse created by means of manipulating knowledge - that is why the problem of interrelation between knowledge and power in Said's work is very important. All in all, Edward Said's views may be called unique because he is not only interested in politics from a scientific viewpoint - he, in fact, makes politics use the results of research, that is - scientific knowledge. He clearly shows that he is far from both politicization of thinking and ensuring the "neutrality" of scientists. His intellectual is politicized, yet it happens not because he makes science a servant of politics, but - and this is important for the understanding of the scholar's system of beliefs - because politics for Said is the ally of science as far as the freedom of thinking and autonomy of scientific activity are concerned. The core of E. Said's approach is to de-crown the myth of Orientalism being a homogenous theory based on clearly defined concepts. According to him, Orientalism "is a style of thought based upon ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and (most of the time) 'the Occident'. Thus a very large mass of writers, among who are poet, novelists, philosophers, political theorists, economists, and imperial administrators, have accepted the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, 'mind', destiny, and so on". Said interprets events rather than openly states his opinion, and this certainly correlates with "the death of the author" theory proclaimed by post-modernism. The minimised role of author ensures the collision and interrelation between different, often polar opinions, in E. Said's Orientalism; and it is a great step towards "polylogic" knowledge as opposed to monologic. For Said, monologic knowledge is associated, above all, with the West, but at the same time with the Eastern counter-attack against this monologism using the same monologic principles. That is why, the western expansion towards the East, which is obviously the embodiment of power and domination, is inseparable from knowledge. Said proves that metaphysically, comprehension (the process of intellectual capturing) is related to occupation, and personal enrichment in the form of becoming more open-minded and widening of one's scope - to imperialistic ambitions of the West. My contention is that Orientalism is fundamentally a political doctrine willed over the Orient because the Orient was weaker than the West, which elided the Orient's difference with its weakness. . . . As a cultural apparatus Orientalism is all aggression, activity, judgment, will-to-truth, and knowledge (Said 1995, p. 204) It is not a coincidence that we mentioned Said's idea about the interrelations between science and politics. In his Orientalism, science, and at the first place the science that serves political needs of the country, is associated with the West, same as power. He therefore attempts to discover a complicated system of ties existing between science (knowledge) and power, and to show to what extent power may need knowledge, and at the same time to what extent knowledge may be a form of power. This